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Reduced Clauses

·         Reduced clauses are a common feature of written English. They are not much used in spoken language

·         2 As their name implies, they are created by 'reducing ' or contracting a standard clause

·         3 They are a stylistic device. In other words, they are used for style, not for any other reason

·         4 Both Adjective and Adverbial Clauses can be reduced but 002 deals only with Adjective Clauses.

  Adjective Clause Reduced Clause

·         1 Teachers who work here come from many different countries Teachers working here come from many different countries

·         2 Oil which is produced here is exported elsewehere. Oil produced here is exported elsewhere

  In example 1, who work becomes working. Why?

  Because work is Active and an Active form is replaced by the Present Participle (V-ing) in a reduced clause

  It doesn't matter what tense the verb is, this rule applies.  Look at example 3

·         Students who have  lost their books have to replace them. Students losing their books have to replace them.

In example 2, which is produced becomes produced.  Why?

  Because is produced is Passive and this is reduced to the Past Participle in a reduced clause